Diversity and foraging patterns of bees on flowers of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) in Costa Rica

Abstract Introduction: The species and functional diversity of pollinators are important components for the reproduction of cultivated plants. More information is necessary about this diversity and its geographical variation in crops such as Cucurbita pepo, an important crop in global agriculture. Objective: To describe the taxonomic diversity, geographic variation and foraging patterns of the community of bees that visit C. pepo crops in Costa Rica. Methods: Squash fields were visited at 11 locations within three geographic regions of the country, where the groups of bees and their relative frequency were determined. Through video recordings, information was obtained on their behavior at two locations. Results: A minimum of 27 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 families of bees were found. Three species were dominant in 10 localities (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera and Trigona corvina). Altitude reduces bee diversity due to the dominance of Bombus ephipiatus in high regions. Two genera of halictids (Megalopta and Caenaugochlora) that are rarely reported in this crop were frequently observed. Trigona bees dominated among the flowers later in the morning, lacerating nectary holes to facilitate nectar collection. Conclusions: Squash fields in Costa Rica are visited by a highly diverse bee community, which may ensure pollination via complementarity in the face of spatial or seasonal changes in environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: Dada la importancia del componente diversidad para la polinización de plantas cultivadas, es necesario obtener más información de esta diversidad y su variación geográfica en cultivos como Cucurbita pepo, uno de los cultivos más importantes de la agricultura centroamericana. Objetivo: Describir la diversidad y la variación geográfica de la comunidad de abejas que visitan este cultivo en Costa Rica, y algunos aspectos de sus patrones de búsqueda de alimento. Métodos: Se visitaron cultivos de C. pepo en 11 localidades dentro de tres regiones geográficas de Costa Rica, donde se determinó los grupos de abejas y su frecuencia relativa. Por medio de grabaciones de video se registró el comportamiento de cada grupo en dos localidades. Resultados: Fueron encontradas un mínimo de 27 especies pertenecientes a 19 géneros y 2 familias de abejas. Tres especies son dominantes en 10 localidades (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera y Trigona corvina). La altitud reduce la diversidad de abejas debido a la dominancia de Bombus ephipiatus en regiones altas. Se observaron dos géneros de halíctidos (Megalopta y Caenaugochlora) no previamente reportados en este cultivo. Abejas Trigona dominan las flores en horarios más tardíos de la mañana, donde algunas veces muerden los orificios de los nectarios para facilitar la recolecta de néctar. Conclusiones: La diversidad de abejas que visitan C. pepo en Costa Rica parece asegurar su polinización ante cambios espaciales o estacionales en condiciones ambientales.

Foraging preferences of the native stingless bee Melipona seminigra pernigra (Apidae: Meliponini) in campo rupestre on canga of Serra dos Carajás, southeastern Amazonia / Preferências de forrageamento da abelha nativa sem ferrão Melipona seminigra pernigra (Apidae: Meliponini) em campo rupestre na canga da Serra dos Carajás, sudeste da Amazônia

Abstract: Honey pollen samples of Melipona seminigra pernigraMoure & Kerr 1950 sampled between 2017 and 2019 from experimental apiaries installed in campo rupestre on canga (CRC) vegetation of the Serra dos Carajás aimed to evaluated seasonal floral availability of undisturbed and mining-influenced areas. Around one hundred pollen types were identified mainly belonging to Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae (31, 6 and 5 species, respectively). Mining area presented the highest pollen richness, almost twice those identified in the undisturbed areas. 80% of the pollen types are rare with concentrations ≤ 2,000 pollen grains/10 g, while the remaining were the most abundant, frequent and the primary bee sources. These latter correspond mostly to native plants species such as Tapirira guianensis Aubl., Protium spp., Aparisthmium cordatum (A.Juss.) Baill., Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea Barneby, Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub., Miconia spp., Pleroma carajasense K.Rocha, Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Serjania spp. and Solanum crinitum Lam. All pollen types were identified during both seasons, but higher concentration values are related to the dry period (June-September). The statistical analysis of the pollen data indicated that there was no significant difference between undisturbed and mining-influenced areas, since primary bee sources of this study are widespread used in revegetation of mined areas.

Resumo: O conteúdo polínico de amostras de mel coletadas nos anos de 2017 e 2019 de apiários experimentais de Melipona seminigra pernigraMoure & Kerr 1950, instalado dentro de uma vegetação de campo rupestre em um afloramento de canga na Serra dos Carajás, sudeste da Amazônia, foi analisado para entender a variabilidade local dos recursos florais em áreas naturais e perturbadas. Aproximadamente 100% dos tipos polínicos foram identificados e pertencem principalmente às famílias Fabaceae, Myrtaceae e Euphorbiaceae (31, 6 e 5 espécies, respectivamente). Áreas de mineração apresentaram a maior riqueza de pólen, quase o dobro daquelas identificadas em áreas perturbadas. 80% dos tipos de pólen são raros com concentrações ≤ 2.000 grãos de pólen/10g, enquanto que os restantes foram os mais abundantes, frequentes e fontes primárias para as abelhas. Este últimos correspondem principalmente a plantas nativas como Tapirira guianensis Aubl., Protium spp., Aparisthmium cordatum (A.Juss.) Baill., Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea Barneby, Periandra mediterrânea (Vell.) Taub., Miconia spp., Pleroma carajasense K.Rocha, Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., Serjania spp. e Solanum crinitum Lam. Todos os tipos polínicos foram identificados durante ambas as estações, mas altas concentrações estão relacionadas ao período seco (junho-setembro). A análise estatística indicou que não houve diferença significativa nos dados de pólen de mel entre áreas naturais e áreas anteriormente degradadas, uma vez que as fontes primárias das abelhas deste estudo são amplamente utilizadas na revegetação de áreas mineradas.

Effects of biopesticides in Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) pollinators / Efeitos de biopesticidas em polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) / Efectos de los bioplaguicidas sobre los polinizadores Tetragonisca angustula latreille (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae)

Stingless bees Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) are pollinators of native and cultivated plants and are therefore in contact with areas contaminated by pesticides. These native bees were evaluated for changes in gene expression of esterase isoenzymes (EST) and peptides after contamination by contact with growth regulators from insecticides Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem and Azamax after 48, 120, 168 hours, 30 and 60 days. EST-4 presented an increase in relative activity after contamination with Gallaxy® EC 100 at 6.2 × 10-2 g a.i./mL; Natuneem at 7.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL; and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i/mL after 60 days, 48 h, and 60 days, respectively. Inhibition of the relative activity of EST-4 was detected after contamination by Natuneem at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL and Azamax at 1.2 × 10-3 g a.i./mL after 48 h and 30 days, respectively. The insecticide growth regulators promoted changes in protein synthesis of T. angustula adult workers resulting in an increase or decrease in the relative intensity of bands, and the appearance of new peptides when compared with controls. Changes in protein synthesis have been identified mainly after long period of contamination, 120 and 168 h with the IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (at 0.78 and 1.25 g a.i./mL), Azamax (at 1.2 × 10-3 and 6 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and Natuneem (at 7.5 × 10-5 and 3 × 10-3 g a.i./mL), and at 60 days with Natuneem (at 1.5 × 10-5 g a.i./mL).(AU)

Abelhas sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) são polinizadores de plantas nativas e cultivadas e, portanto, estão em contato com áreas contaminadas por biopesticidas. Essas abelhas nativas foram avaliadas quanto a alterações na expressão gênica de isoenzimas esterases (EST) e peptídeos após contaminação por contato com reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem e Azamax após 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 e 60 dias. A EST-4 apresentou um aumento na atividade relativa após a contaminação com Gallaxy® 100 EC em 6,2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem em 7,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax em 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 60 dias, 48 h e 60 dias, respectivamente. A inibição da atividade relativa de EST-4 foi detectada após contaminação pelo Natuneem a 1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL e Azamax a 1,2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL após 48 he 30 dias, respectivamente. Os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas promoveram alterações na síntese protéica de trabalhadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando em um aumento ou diminuição da intensidade relativa das bandas e no aparecimento de novos peptídeos em comparação com os controles. Alterações na síntese de proteínas foram identificadas principalmente após um longo período de contaminação, 120 e 168 h com o IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0,78 e 1,25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1,2 × 10-3 e 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e Natuneem (7,5 × 10-5 e 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) e 60 dias com Natuneem (1,5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Las abejas sin aguijón Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae) son polinizadores de plantas nativas y cultivadas y, por lo tanto, están en contacto con áreas contaminadas por bioplaguicidas. Estas abejas nativas fueron evaluadas para detectar cambios en la expresión génica de isoenzimas esterasa (EST) y péptidos después de la contaminación por contacto con los reguladores del crecimiento insecticidas Gallaxy® EC 100, Natuneem y Azamax después de 48, 120, 168 horas, 30 y 60 días. EST-4 mostró un aumento en la actividad relativa después de la contaminación con Gallaxy® 100 EC a 6.2 × 10-2 g i.a./mL, Natuneem a 7.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 60 días, 48 hy 60 días, respectivamente. La inhibición de la actividad relativa de EST-4 se detectó después de la contaminación por Natuneem a 1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL y Azamax a 1.2 × 10-3 g i.a./mL después de 48 hy 30 días. respectivamente. Los insecticidas reguladores del crecimiento promovieron cambios en la síntesis de proteínas de trabajadores adultos de T. angustula, resultando en un aumento o disminución de la intensidad relativa de las bandas y en la aparición de nuevos péptidos en relación a los controles. Los cambios en la síntesis de proteínas se identificaron principalmente después de un largo período de contaminación, 120 y 168 h con IGRs Gallaxy® EC 100 (0.78 y 1.25 g i.a./mL), Azamax (1.2 × 10-3 y 6 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y Natuneem (7.5 × 10-5 y 3 × 10-3 g i.a./mL) y 60 días con Natuneem (1.5 × 10-5 g i.a./mL).(AU)

Pollination service of Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry / Serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro

Strawberry presents moderate dependence on bee pollination service, and pollination is related to the production and quality of fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pollination service provided by Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry. Primary flowers of cultivar San Andreas were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with twelve replicates and five types of pollination: one N. testaceicornis visit (1V); two N. testaceicornis visits (2V); three N. testaceicornis visits (3V); natural pollination (NP); self-pollination (SP). In flowers visited by N. testaceicornis, movements and visit time were observed. The following fruit characteristics were evaluated: fruit biometry, fecundation rate of achenes, postharvest fruit quality, contribution of pollination agents and mechanisms on average fruit weight. In fruit biometry, pollination service contributed only in longitudinal length, which was higher in NP and 3V, compared to SP. In the different types of pollination, the fertilization rate of achenes did not differ and showed no effect on fresh fruit weight. In post-harvest fruit quality, 1V, 3V and NP showed better results regarding degree of deformation and marketability. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination contributed to the average fresh weight of strawberry fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination provided improvement in quality and added value of fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees were effective strawberry pollinators.(AU)

O morangueiro apresenta dependência moderada quanto ao serviço de polinização por abelhas, e sua polinização está relacionada com a produção e a qualidade das frutas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro. Utilizaram-se flores primárias do cultivar San Andreas no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com doze repetições e cinco tipos de polinização: uma visita de N. testaceicornis (1V); duas visitas de N. testaceicornis (2V); três visitas de N. testaceicornis (3V); polinização natural (PN) e autopolinização (AP). Os movimentos e o tempo de visita nas flores foram observados nas visitas de N. testaceicornis. Nas frutas, avaliaram-se as características: biometria das frutas, taxa de fecundação dos aquênios, qualidade pós-colheita, contribuição de agentes e mecanismos de polinização na massa média das frutas. Na biometria das frutas, o serviço de polinização contribuiu no comprimento longitudinal, que se apresentou mais elevado na PN e 3V, em relação à AP. Nos diferentes tipos de polinização, a taxa de fecundação dos aquênios não diferiu e não apresentou efeito sobre a massa fresca das frutas. Na qualidadepós-colheita, 1V, 3V e PN apresentaram melhores resultados no grau de deformação e frutas comercializáveis. A abelha N. testaceicornis e a polinização natural contribuíram na massa fresca média das frutas de morangueiro. Os serviços de polinização natural e de N. testaceicornis proporcionaram melhoria na qualidade e agregação de valor das frutas. A abelha N. testaceicornis apresentou-se como polinizadora efetiva do morangueiro.(AU)

Introducing a Technique in Sustaining Adult Worker Bees of Heterotrigona itama (Cockerell, 1918) in Laboratory to Facilitate Future Health Research on Kelulut Honey

@#Introduction: The study is introducing a laboratory technique to sustain the longevity of Heterotrigona itama stingless bees collected from the farm in order to facilitate future health research on Kelulut honey. Methods: The worker bees were held in laboratory at 26 ± 2 oC, 57 ± 8 % relative humidity (RH) and 12:12 hours (light:dark period) in a cup covered with meshed cloth and installed with an inverted-wick system consists of a drinking straw with the bottom end loosely plugged with cotton wool. The artificial diet was pipetted into the straw to wet the cotton wool. The bees were divided into five diet groups, namely a) unfed - control, b) distilled water, c) purified tap water, d) non-carbonated isotonic drink or e) 5% honey solution. Feeding activity and survival of worker bees were observed daily. Results: The worker bees are seen to frequent and lick the cotton wool wetted with artificial diets. Comparison between the artificial diets, Kaplan-Meier statistical analysis showed that the 5% honey solution and non-carbonated isotonic drink have significantly (P < 0.05) extended the longevity of the worker bees with 50% survival probability at least 8 days. When the similar holding and feeding technique used for the bees from commercial farms, the 50% survival probability was extended to 14 days. Conclusion: The inverted-wick system with the use of 5% honey solution or isotonic drink as the artificial diet is capable to hold the H. itama worker bees at least for a week with survival above 50% for laboratory experiments.

Management practices and honey characteristics of Melipona eburnea in the Peruvian Amazon / Práticas de manejo e características do mel de Melipona eburnea Friese na Amazônia peruana

ABSTRACT: Meliponiculture and associated honey production are activities with a great potential for general use and commercialization in the Peruvian Amazon. Lack of management techniques and limited knowledge of honey quality are two factors which may hinder the implementation of meliponiculture. The present study was conducted in three communities in the Peruvian Amazon where the production and physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of honey from Melipona eburnea were evaluated at 90 days following transfer from natural to rational hives. Honey from M. eburnea was also compared with the 90-day-old honey from Melipona grandis, Melipona illota, and Melipona titania. In addition, 180-day-old honey from M. eburnea was sampled and compared with the younger 90-day-old honey. The production of honey varied from 900 to 1400 mL/colony/3 months for M. eburnea. When moisture and total sugars among the different species of Melipona were compared, no significant differences were observed. Neither were there significant differences between the M. eburnea honey at 90 and 180 days of maturation. Microbiological analyses for both treatments had values <0.3/g most probable number (MPN) of coliforms and organisms of fecal origin. Stingless bee honey can therefore be harvested after 3 months, by which time its physicochemical characteristics are stable and it is microbiologically suitable for human consumption.

RESUMO: A meliponicultura e a produção associada de mel é uma atividade com grande potencial de uso e comercialização na Amazônia peruana, contudo, as poucas técnicas de manejo e o pouco conhecimento da qualidade do mel oferecido limitam seu desenvolvimento. O presente estudo foi realizado em três comunidades da Amazônia peruana, onde a produção e as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do mel de Melipona eburnea foram avaliadas 90 dias após a instalação em colmeias racionais. O mel de M. eburnea também foi comparado ao mel de 90 dias de M. grandis, M. illota e M. titania. Além disso, o mel de M. eburnea foi amostrado aos 180 dias. A produção de mel variou de 900 a 1400 ml/colônia/três meses para M. eburnea. Quando a umidade e os açúcares totais foram comparados entre as diferentes espécies, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para o mel de M. eburnea aos 90 e 180 dias de maturação. As análises microbiológicas para os dois tratamentos apresentaram valores <0,3 / g MPN (número mais provável) de coliformes e organismos de origem fecal. O mel de abelha sem ferrão pode, portanto, ser colhido após três meses, pois mantém suas características físico-químicas e é microbiologicamente adequado para consumo humano.

Nest architecture and colony characteristics of Meliponula (Axestotrigona) ferruginea (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) in Cameroon

Stingless bees have evolved adaptive nest constructions strategies which have resulted in sophisticated nest architecture inmany species while others lack certain structural components. However, no information exists on the nest biology andecology on the genus Meliponula in Cameroon. This study aims to contribute to knowledge on the nest architecture andcolony characteristics of Meliponula (Axestotrigona) ferruginea. Meliponula ferruginea belongs to the genus Meliponulaand subgenus Axestotrigona. This species was first described by Le Peletier De Saini-Farrgeau (1836) and Michener (Thebees of the world, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 2000) recently. In Cameroon the specieshas been collected in the northern parts of the country, but there has been no attempt to describe the nest architecture. Ourstingless bee survey from the Bamenda highlands afromontane forests of Cameroon reveals that this species can either nestin tree trunks or in abandoned traditional hollow hives. Interestingly, 50% of colonies studied nested in traditional hollowhives originally baited for honeybees (Apis mellifera adansonii). The nest entrance of Meliponula (Axestotrigona) ferruginea ranged from 1 to 1.5 cm (1.2±0.0.24 cm) in diameter, while the external entrance tube extended up to 1.6±0.0.4cm and the nest entrance tube can go up to 5 cm inward in depending on the thickness of the tree trunk. The nest is made upof sticky brown 5–7 (6±0.98) involucra sheets. The size of brood area depends on the age and condition of the nest. Thelength of the nest could be between 5.5 and 7.6 cm (6.8±0.98 cm) and up to 13± 4.16 cm combs with a comb diameter ofabout 7.5±1.29 cm. The cells and storage pots are oval in shape but the storage pots are much larger, about 3 times the sizeof cell. Generally, this study shows a lot of similarities with other previously studied species in terms of the nestcharacteristics and measurements. However, the above characteristics can be very useful in taxonomical, phylogenetic andecological studies of M. ferruginea.

Diversity of Meliponini and anothers Apiformes (Apidae sensu lato) in a Cerrado fragment and its surrounding, Campo Grande, MS / Diversidade de Meliponini e demais Apiformes (Apidae sensu lato) em fragmento de Cerrado e entorno, Campo Grande, MS

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of Meliponini and anothers Apiformes (Apidae sensu lato) from a Cerrado fragment and its surrounding. Malaise traps were installed in a pasture near a fragment of Cerrado and its surrounding, from October to December 2010. Samples were collected at seven-day intervals and preserved in Dietrich solution. The apiforms specimens from each sample were separated in morphospecies and sent to identification. The tribe Meliponini was the most abundant in open areas of pasture than in the Cerrado fragment. The Meliponini species present were Trigona gr. fulviventris, Paratrigona lineata, Trigona recursa, Partamona sp, Trigona spinipes, Trigona gr. hyalinata, Trigona gr. fulviventris, Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Tetragona clavipes, Frieseomelitta cf. flavicornis, Lestrimelitta rufipes. The dominant species was Paratrigona lineata, comprising 82.47% of all species collected.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de Meliponini e demais apiformes (Apidae sensu lato) de um fragmento de Cerrado e seus arredores. Armadilhas de Malaise foram instaladas em área de pastagem próximas a fragmento de Cerrado, de outubro a dezembro de 2010. As amostras foram coletadas em intervalos de sete dias e conservadas em solução de Dietrich. Das amostras foram separados os espécimes apiformes em morfoespécies e enviadas para identificação. A tribo Meliponini foi a mais abundante em áreas abertas de pastagem que em áreas de fragmento de Cerrado. As espécies de Meliponini presentes foram de Meliponini Trigona gr. fulviventris, Paratrigona lineata, Trigona recursa, Partamona sp, Trigona spinipes, Trigona gr. hyalinata, Trigona gr. fulviventris, Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Tetragona clavipes, Frieseomelitta cf. flavicornis, Lestrimelitta rufipes. A espécie dominante com 82,47% de indivíduos coletados foi Paratrigona lineata.

Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis obtained from Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca angustula stingless bees

In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) from Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca angustula. Chemical composition of EEP was determined by colorimetry and chromatographic (HPLC-DAD and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) analysis. Antimicrobial activity of EEP was evaluated against gram-positive (S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, E. faecalis) and gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) bacteria by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test using the microdilution method. Furthermore, the growth curve and integrity of cell membrane of S. aureus and E. coli were investigated using standard microbiological methods. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the EEP of M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata has a more complex chemical composition than the EEP of T. angustula. Moreover, UPLC-MS analyses of M. quadrifasciata quadrifascita indicated flavonoids and terpenes as major constituents. The bactericidal activity of both EEPs was higher against gram-positive bacteria than for gram-negative bacteria. The EEP from M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata presented MIC values lower than the EEP from T. angustula for all tested bacteria. The EEP from M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata caused lysis of the bacterial wall and release of intracellular components from both E. coli and S. aureus. Our findings indicate that the chemical composition of propolis from stingless bees is complex and depends on the species. The extract from M. quadrifasciata quadrifascita was more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative strains, especially against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus compared to T. angustula extract, by a mechanism that involves disturbance of the bacterial cell membrane integrity.

Screening for quality indicators and phenolic compounds of biotechnological interest in honey samples from six species of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract Honey from stingless bees of the genus Melipona is a well sought product. Nevertheless lack of legal frameworks for quality assessment complicates the evaluation of food safety and marketing of these products. Seeking to assess the quality of honey from the bees of this genus, physical and chemical analyses, identification of phenolic compounds, and microbiological evaluation from six species of stingless bees was performed. The honey samples showed high reducing sugars, low protein levels and a balanced microbiota. High total phenols and flavonoids and higher antioxidant activity were also recorded. Different phenolic compounds of great biotechnological potential were identified and of these apigenin, kaempferol and luteolin were identified for the first time in honey. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few works describing a detail characterization of melipona honey together with identification of the phenolic compounds of significant therapeutic value.

Antibacterial action of geopropolis of Melipona quadrifaciata in cultivation of secretion of otitis in dogs / Acción antibacteriana de geopropolis de Melipona quadrifaciata en cultivo de secreción de otitis en perros

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of the present paper was to test the in vitro antibacterial activity of the Mandaçaia (Melipona quadrifaciata) bee's geopropolis. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out with secretion samples collected from animals with ear diseases evaluated at Unifeso's Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine, where in vitro tests took place, antibiograns with alcoholic extract of geopropolis were made 10 test tubes (two tubes for each concentration of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Results. Were not identified microorganisms at concentrations of 70, 80 and 90%. Conclusions. The geopropolis of Melipona quadrifasciata showed antibacterial activity in vitro against microorganisms from ear secretion of dogs with otitis externa.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue probar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la geopropólea de la abeja Mandaçaia (Melipona quadrifasciata). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó el experimento con muestras de secreciones obtenidas de animales con enfermedades del oído evaluados en la Clínica Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de Unifeso, donde tuvieron lugar las pruebas in vitro, antibiograns con extracto alcohólico de geopropolis fueron realizados 10 tubos de ensayo (dos tubos para cada concentración del 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Resultados. No se identificaron los microorganismos a concentraciones de 70, 80% y 90%. Conclusiones. La geopropolis de Melipona quadrifasciata mostró actividad antibacteriana, in vitro, frente a microorganismos de la secreción del oído de los perros con otitis externa.

Pythium insidiosum: inhibitory effects of propolis and geopropolis on hyphal growth

Abstract Propolis and geopropolis are resinous products of bees showing antimicrobial effects. There is no data concerning their action against Pythium insidiosum - the causative agent of pythiosis, a pyogranulomatous disease of the subcutaneous tissue that affects mostly horses, dogs and humans. Fragments of 15 isolates of P. insidiodum were incubated with propolis and geopropolis extracts and evaluated for up to seven days to detect the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). Propolis inhibited three isolates at 1.0 mg mL-1 after 24 h and all other isolates at 3.4 mg mL-1. Geopropolis led to more variable results, exerting predominantly a fungistatic action than a fungicidal one. Propolis was more efficient than geopropolis in inhibiting P. insidiosum since lower concentrations led to no growth after 24 h. This effect may be due to propolis chemical composition, which has more active compounds than geopropolis. Propolis seemed to be a good candidate for in vivo studies, since treatment with conventional antifungal compounds is difficult in most of the cases, requiring extensive surgical debridement.

Quantificação de fenóis, flavonoides totais e atividades farmacológicas de geoprópolis de Plebeia aff. Flavocincta do Rio Grande do Norte / Quantification of phenols, total flavonoids and pharmacological activities of geopropolis Plebeia aff. flavocincta of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a composição química e potencial terapêutico do extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis produzidas por abelhas Plebeia aff. flavocincta no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. Oito amostras (A-H) foram submetidas a quantificação dos teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais e avaliação da atividade antioxidante através do método DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazilo). Além disso, foram investigadas as atividades antibacteriana, através do método de difusão em ágar, e a cicatrizante, através da indução de feridas cirúrgicas experimentais em Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, linhagem Wistar, tratados com creme à base de geoprópolis. Duas amostras (F e G) se destacaram por apresentar altos valores de fenóis e flavonoides totais. A capacidade antioxidante acima de 90% foi observada em cinco amostras. Os extratos foram considerados eficazes no que se refere a atividade antibacteriana, pois das oito amostras, cinco promoveram a formação de halos de inibição ≥9mm para todas as cepas testadas. Duas amostras (D e G) se destacaram em relação as demais por apresentar excelentes resultados, uma vez que, promoveram a formação de halos de inibição para as bactérias Staphylococcus epidermidis e Escherichia coli, superiores estatisticamente aos valores dos antibióticos controles, quando na concentração de 100%. As amostras A e G promoveram, respectivamente, a formação de halos de inibição, que não diferiram significativamente dos halos produzidos pelos antibióticos controles em todas as concentrações testadas para E. coli e Staphylococcus aureus. A análise do processo de cicatrização sob os pontos de vista clínico, macroscópico e histológico permitiu concluir, que o uso do creme à base de geoprópolis apresentou influência positiva na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas experi­mentais, por promover reação inflamatória menos intensa e fechamento mais rápido das feridas em relação ao grupo controle.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis produced by bees Plebeia aff. flavocincta in Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. Eight samples (A-H) were submitted to the quantification of total phenols and flavonoid content and evaluation of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl). Additionally, antibacterial activities were investigated by agar diffusion method, and healing process by inducing experimental surgical wounds in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, Wistar line, and treated with the geopropolis-based cream. Two samples (F and G) have stood out by presenting high values of total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant capacity of over 90% was observed in five samples. The extracts were considered effective in relation to antibacterial activity since of the eight samples, five promoted the formation of inhibition zones ≥9mm above all strains tested. Two samples (D and G) have stood out over the other for presenting excellent results since it promoted the formation of inhibition zones for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli exceeding statistically to the values of the antibiotic controls when the concentration was 100%. Samples A and G have provided, respectively, that the formation of inhibition zones were not significantly different than the halos produced by antibiotics controls at all concentrations tested for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The analysis of the healing process from the clinical, macroscopic and histological points of view, allowed to conclude that the use of geopropolis-based cream had a positive influence on the healing of experimental skin wounds by promoting less intense inflammatory reaction and healing faster from wounds in the control group.(AU)

Pollen spectrum of the honey of uruçu bee (Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the North Coast of Bahia State / Espectro polínico do mel da abelha de uruçu (Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) do Litoral Norte do estado da Bahia

Regional-level studies of floral resources used by social bees for honey production can contribute to the improvement of management strategies for bee pastures and colonies, by identifying the most visited flowers and thus characterizing the various geographical origins of honey. The objective of this study was to investigate, through pollen analysis, the types of pollen and nectar sources used by the uruçu bee (Melipona scutellaris L.) in the North Coast of Bahia. Honey samples were taken monthly from five colonies in an apiary from August 2010 to July 2011. Pollen analysis of honey was performed by using the acetolysis method, followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen grains. Fifty pollen types belonging to 40 genera and 17 families were identified. The results indicate predominance of pollen types belonging to the families Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, which suggests that the bees preferred foraging from trees and shrubs. These plants should be included in regional reforestation projects in order to improve management of this bee species and honey production.

Estudos em nível regional dos recursos florísticos utilizados por abelhas sociais para a produção de mel podem contribuir para a melhoria das estratégias de manejo do pasto meliponícola e das colônias, através da identificação das flores mais visitadas, e dessa forma caracterizar a origem geográfica do mel. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar, por meio da análise polínica, os tipos de vegetação fornecedora de néctar e pólen para a abelha uruçu (Melipona scutellaris L.) no Litoral Norte da Bahia. Foram realizadas coletas quinzenais em 5 colônias de meliponário, de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011. A análise polínica do mel foi conduzida através do método da acetólise, seguida por análise quali -quantitativa dos grãos de pólen. Foram identificados 50 tipos polínicos pertencentes a 40 gêneros e 17 famílias. Os resultados apontam para a dominância dos tipos polínicos pertencentes às famílias Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, sugerindo que essas abelhas preferem forragear em árvores e arbustos. Esses tipos vegetais predominantes devem ser incluídos nos projetos regionais de reflorestamento, visando favorecer o manejo dessa espécie de abelha e melhorar a produção de mel.

Espectro polínico da própolis de Scaptotrigona aff. postica (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) em Barra do Corda, MA, Brasil / Pollen spectrum of Scaptotrigona aff. postica (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) propolis from Barra do Corda, MA, Brazil

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from different parts of a plant. Therefore, its quality is related to its botanical origin. The objective of the study was to verify whether the pollen types found indicate the botanical origin of their resins and contribute to understand the relationship of these bees with the vegetation surrounding the meliponary. Thirty one samples were collected over 12 months at seven day intervals. Pollen grains were extracted from the propolis and used to prepare microscope slides, after which identification, counting and determination of frequency classes was undertaken. A total of 94 pollen types were identified belonging to 35 plant families. Borreria verticillata (34.17%) was the most frequent pollen type, followed by Anadenanthera sp. (13.65%) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (10.5%). Fabaceae (38.37%) and Rubiaceae (34.18%) were the families with the highest pollen frequencies. There were also found 34 unique pollen types, i.e. types that only occur on a given month of the year which may be characterised as seasonal indicators for flowering species and thus infer data on their phenology. The results obtained were not enough to determine the botanical origin of the resins; however the wide variety of pollen types found in the propolis samples indicated a broad interaction between bees and plants and contributed toward the phytogeographic characterisation of the propolis.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada por abelhas de diferentes partes de uma planta, portanto, sua qualidade é relacionada à sua origem botânica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se os tipos polínicos encontrados indicam a origem botânica de suas resinas e contribuir com o conhecimento da relação destas abelhas com a vegetação do entorno do meliponário. Foram realizadas 31 coletas ao longo de 12 meses, com intervalo de sete dias entre elas. Os grãos de pólen foram extraídos da própolis e utilizados para confecção de lâminas para microscopia, posteriormente procedeu-se a identificação, contabilização e determinação das classes de frequência. Foram encontrados 94 tipos polínicos oriundos de 35 famílias botânicas. Borreria verticillata (34,17%) foi o tipo polínico mais frequente, seguido por Anadenanthera sp. (13,65%) e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (10,5%). Fabaceae (38,37%) e Rubiaceae (34,18%) foram as famílias que apresentaram as maiores frequências polínicas. Foram encontrados também 34 tipos polínicos exclusivos, ou seja tipos ocorrentes somente em um determinado mês do ano, podendo ser indicadores da caracterização sazonal de floração das espécies e assim inferir dados sobre sua fenologia. Os resultados obtidos não possibilitaram a determinação da origem botânica das resinas, entretanto a grande variedade de tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras de própolis indicou uma ampla interação entre as abelhas e as plantas e contribuíram para a caracterização fitogeográfica da própolis.

Conforto térmico em colônias de Tetragonisca weyrauchi no município de Rio Branco-Acre / Thermal comfort in Tetragonisca weyrauchi colony the municipality of Rio Branco-Acre / Confort térmico en colonias de Tetragonisca weyrauchi en el municipio de Rio Branco, Acre

A espécie Tetragonisca weyrauchi é capaz de manter a temperatura interna do ninho em homeostase, variando entre 29 e 35 °C, embora ainda não se conheçam os mecanismos usados por esse grupo de insetos para manter o controle da temperatura interna da colônia.O controle termorregulatório no interior da colônia pode ser importante para incubação da cria e para sobrevivência da colmeia, em temperaturas extremas. Para o monitoramento das temperaturas utilizou-se Data Logger (modelo HOBO U12 ­ 012 com exatidão de ±0,35 °C e sensor para medição interna). A temperatura interna foi obtida com sensor Data Logger, introduzido na região dos favos de cria, por meio de um furo na lateral do ninho; já a temperatura externa foi obtida com Data Logger, mantido a 10cm da colmeia. Para verificar a existência do controle termorregulatório da colônia, a temperatura externa foi comparada com a temperatura interna, utilizando-se a correlação de Pearson (R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) para determinar os parâmetros de correlação entre as variáveis.O presente estudo demonstrou que existe controle termorregulatório no interior do ninho de T. weyrauchi, que apresentou pouca variação em relação à temperatura externa, ficando em 5,7 °C entre a temperatura mínima e a máxima, no decorrer da investigação.

The Tetragonisca weyrauchi species is able to maintain the internal temperature of the nest in homeostasis, ranging between 29 and 35 °C, although it is not known yet the mechanisms used by this group of insects to maintain control of the internal temperature of the colony. The thermoregulatory control within the colony may be important for establishing incubation and hive survival in extreme temperatures. For monitoring temperatures was used Data Logger (model HOBO U12 - 012 with accuracy of ± 0.35 °C and sensor for internal measurement). The internal temperature was obtained with the sensor (Data Logger) introduced in the region of the combs through a hole beside the nest, also the external temperature was obtained with data logger held 10cm from the hive. To check the existence of thermoregulatory control of the colony, the external temperature was compared with the internal temperature using thePearson correlation(R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) to determine the parameters of correlation between the variables. This study .demonstrated that there is thermoregulatory control inside the nest T. weyrauchi that showed a little change from the outside temperature, remaining at 5.7 ° C between the minimum and the maximum temperature during the investigation.

La especie Tetragonisca weyrauchi es capaz de mantener la temperatura interna del nido en homeostasis, que oscilan entre 29 y 35 °C, aunque todavía no conocemos los mecanismos utilizados por ese grupo de insectos para mantener el control de la temperatura interior de la colonia. El control termorregulador dentro de la colonia puede ser importante para eclosión de la cría y para supervivencia de la colmena, en temperaturas extremas. Para el control de las temperaturas se ha utilizado Data Logger (modelo HOBO U12 - 012 con precisión de ±0,35 °C y sensor para medición interna). La temperatura interna se obtuvo con el sensor Data Logger introducido en la región de los panales de cría, a través de un agujero en la lateral del nido; ya la temperatura externa ha sido obtenida con Data Logger, mantenido a 10cm de distancia de la colmena. Para comprobar la existencia del control termorregulador de la colonia, la temperatura externa ha sido comparada con la temperatura interna, utilizándose la correlación de Pearson (R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) para determinar los parámetros de correlación entre las variables. El presente estudio ha demostrado que existe control termorregulador en el interior del nido de T. weyrauchi, que mostró poca variación en relación a la temperatura externa, quedando en 5,7 °C entre la temperatura mínima y la máxima, en el curso de la investigación.

Bionomics of Melipona mondury Smith 1863 (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) in relation to its nesting behavior / Bionomia de Melipona mondury Smith 1863 (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) em relação ao seu comportamento de nidificação

Melipona mondury Smith 1863 is an important stingless bee species pollinator and honey/pollen producer, but threatened by fragmentation of habitats throughout its range. This article presents the identification and partial characterization of nesting substrates, bionomic including population features of M. mondury by comparing data between nest architecture of natural beehive and boxes colonies. Nineteen colonies (13 in boxes and six in beehives) were analyzed with regards to substrate nesting, nest characteristics (e.g. length and width of the combs, height and diameter of the pollen and honey jar) and bee population. The average volume and diameter of the trunks cavities used for nesting of M.mondury were18.4 L and 15.8 cm; the average number of combs was 9.26; the average diameter and height of the honey pots were 2.81 cm and 3.29 cm, and the average volume of honey stored was 15.85 mL; the average height and diameter of pollen pots was 3.21 cm and 2.93 cm, respectively, while the average mass of pollen deposited was equal to 12.56 g. The population ranged from 3537 to 10281 individuals between colonies. The results suggest that the conservation of M. mondury should involve reforestation with native species from Atlantic Forest, and the dimensions of boxes should be based on the average size of the nests in the natural environment in order to support strategies of conservation and sustainable management of this species.

Melipona mondury Smith 1863 é uma espécie de abelha sem ferrão, importante polinizadora, produtora de mel e de pólen, mas ameaçada pela fragmentação dos habitats ao longo de sua área de ocorrência. Este artigo apresenta a identificação e a caracterização parcial dos substratos de nidificação e as características bionômicas, incluindo as populacionais, de M. mondury, comparando os dados de arquitetura do ninho entre colônias de cortiço e caixas rústicas. Dezenove colônias (13 em caixas rústicas e seis em cortiços) foram analisadas em relação aos substratos de nidificação, características do ninho (e.g.: comprimento e largura dos favos de cria, altura e diâmetro dos potes de pólen e mel) e população das abelhas. Foram encontrados volume e diâmetro médios da cavidade dos troncos nidificados por M. mondury, de 18,4 L e 15,8 cm; número médio de favos de cria de 9,26; diâmetro e altura médios dos potes de mel de 2,81 cm e 3,29 cm, sendo o volume médio de mel armazenado de 15,85 mL; altura e diâmetro médios dos potes de pólen de 3,21 cm e 2,93 cm, enquanto a massa média de pólen depositado foi de 12,56 g. A população variou de 3 537 a 10 281 indivíduos entre as colônias. Os resultados sugerem que a conservação de M. mondury deve envolver o reflorestamento com espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica; e as dimensões das caixas racionais foram definidas com base no tamanho médio dos ninhos no ambiente natural, para subsidiar estratégias conservacionistas e de manejo racional.

Mitotic activity of the brain ganglia in different subphases of the last larval instar of Melipona quadrifasciata lepeletier (Hymenoptera, apidae, meliponini) / Atividade mitótica do gânglio cerebral em diferentes fases do último instar larval de melipona quadrifasciata (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponini) / MITOTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN GANGLIA IN DIFFERENT SUBPHASES OF THE LAST LARVAL INSTAR OF MELIPONA QUADRIFASCIATA LEPELETIER (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, MELIPONINI)

In recent years, the number of cytogenetic studies on Melipona species has increased considerably. However, most cytogenetic techniques used for these studies require preparations with a great number of metaphase cells for reliable analysis of the karyotypes. The present study seeks to evaluate which subphase of the last larval instar of Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier provides the greatest number of metaphases, which is here considered a direct measure of mitotic activity. A total of 25 defecating larvae were selected based on the quantity of feces in their intestines, so as to maintain five larvae in each of the five different developmental subphases. The brain ganglia of each larva were extracted and used for cytogenetic preparation. The number of metaphase mitotic cells per preparation was counted. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model, with Tukey's post hoc tests, was conducted. It was observed that larvae in the second subphase, defined here as the subphase in which feces were visible below the segment VII, provided the greatest number of metaphases. Therefore, it is the most appropriate developmental subphase for cytogenetic preparations of brain glanglia in M. quadrifasciata and possibly in other Melipona species.

Estudos citogenéticos envolvendo o gênero Melipona vêm aumentando nos últimos anos. Entretanto, a utilização de várias técnicas para o estudo do cariótipo exigem preparações com um grande número de células em metáfase para uma análise confiável das características citogenéticas das espécies. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar, para Melipona quadrifasciata, o instar do desenvolvimento larval mais adequado para estudos citogenéticos, no que se refere à atividade mitótica. Foram selecionadas 25 larvas defecantes divididas em cinco subfases de acordo com a quantidade restante de fezes no intestino. Os gânglios cerebrais das larvas foram extraídos e utilizados para a obtenção dos cromossomos mitóticos metafásicos. O número de metáfases por lâmina foi contabilizado para cada indivíduo e os dados submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de TUKEY. Foi observado que larvas da segunda subfase, definidas aqui como a subfase na qual as fezes se encontram na altura do VII segmento apresentaram o maior número de metáfases. Logo, esta é a subfase mais indicada para obtenção de grande número de metáfases em células do gânglio cerebral de Melipona quadrifasciata e, possivelmente, para outras espécies do gênero Melipona.

Floral sources to Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their pollen morphology in a Southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The stingless bees are important flowers visitors of several plant species, due to their feeding habits and foraging behavior, constituting an important group to maintain biodiversity and the dynamics of tropical communities. Among stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula is widely distributed in tropical habitats, and has been considered an important pollinator of different plant families. To support a rational economic use of this group, there is a need to characterize the plant species that represent important sources as part of their diet, as preferred, alternative or casual food sources. The aim of this survey was to distinguish the plant species that T. angustula visited most often. The study was undertaken in four regions of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) over a year from March 2008 to February 2009. For this, we collected bees, flowering plants and bee pollen loads from the four sites, and evaluated pollen morphology in the laboratory. Field observations showed the presence of plants belonging to ten different families and pollen loads showed the presence of pollen types belonging to 26 plant families. There were strong differences between pollen types, especially regarding pollen grain shape. The present survey suggests a high value of these plant species as trophic resources for the T. angustula in the understory of Atlantic Rainforest. Changes in these fragments of this forest may compromise the availability of resources for Tetragonisca angustula species and other stingless bees.

Para apoyar el uso racional de las abejas sin aguijón, es necesario conocer las especies de plantas que actúan como fuentes de recursos para estas abejas en su ambiente natural. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de plantas que fueron visitadas con mayor frecuencia por abejas Tetragonisca angustula y describir los granos de polen de estas plantas. El estudio se realizó en la Mata Atlántica, donde se recogieron las abejas, las plantas con flores y el polen de las cargas corbiculares de las abejas obreras. La observación de campo mostró la presencia de plantas pertenecientes a diez familias y las cargas de polen mostraron la presencia de tipos de polen pertenecientes a 26 familias botánicas. Hubo grandes diferencias entre los tipos de polen, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta la ornamentación de los granos de polen. Este estudio sugiere un alto valor de estas especies de plantas como recursos tróficos para las abejas jataí en el sub-bosque de la Mata Atlántica. Las alteraciones de los fragmentos de bosque pueden afectar la disponibilidad de recursos para Tetragonisca angustula y otras abejas sin aguijón y ser un gran obstáculo para la su crianza sostenible.

Antibacterial activity of propolis produced by Frieseomelitta varia / Atividade antibacteriana da própolis produzida por Frieseomelitta varia

To contribute to the development of antibacterial products from propolis produced by native Brazilian bees, twenty-nine samples of propolis collected from hives in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were screened for in vitro activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the samples from native Brazilian bees, only that from Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier, 1836) inhibited in vitro bacterial growth. Consequently, this propolis underwent fractionation by chromatographic methods monitored through Agar-diffusion assays with these bacteria, which resulted in the isolation and identification of 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (artepillin C), which showed MIC of 62.5 and 250 µg/mL against B. subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. This result indicates the potential of F. varia to produce therapeutic propolis.

Para contribuir para o desenvolvimento de produtos antibacterianos obtidos de própolis produzidos por abelhas nativas do Brasil, 29 tipos de própolis coletados de diferentes colméias no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, foram avaliados quanto à atividade in vitro contra Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e Staphylococcus aureus. Dentre as amostras de abelhas nativas, somente a de Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier, 1836) inibiu, em teste in vitro, o crescimento bacteriano. Consequentemente, essa própolis foi submetida a métodos cromatográficos para o fracionamento biomonitorado por teste de difusão em Agar com as referidas bactérias, o que resultou no isolamento e identificação do ácido 3,5-diprenil-4-hidroxicinâmico (artepelin C), que apresentou CIM de 62,5 e 250 µg/mL frente a B. subtilis e S. aureus, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam o potencial de F. varia para a produção de própolis terapêutica.